Covering about two-thirds of the world’s ocean, the high seas hold some of the greatest reservoirs of biodiversity left on earth. But while these areas beyond national jurisdiction provide key habitat for whales, sharks, tunas, and other important species, only about 1 percent is protected.1 Governance is limited to a patchwork of bodies that regulate activities such as fishing, mining, or shipping, but often lack the authority or management mechanism necessary to establish, implement, and monitor marine protected areas (MPAs) and other conservation measures.
To fill this governance gap, the United Nations is negotiating a treaty to ensure that the rich biodiversity of the high seas is conserved through MPAs and that robust environmental impact assessments ensure that any use is sustainable. Given the vastness of the high seas and the importance of the different ecosystems they encompass, it is critical that conservation measures taken under the treaty be based on the best available science. The most effective way to accomplish this is to establish a scientific body to support the treaty.
Although many international marine governance organizations use scientific bodies to inform policymaking, the role of science in these organizations varies widely, ranging from collecting data to using it in policymaking and implementation.
Since the U.N.’s creation, its charter has expressed the need for qualified knowledge to be used in the international policymaking process.2 Scientific bodies support the work of international ocean governance organizations through a variety of functions and structures. Some scientific bodies have a broad mandate to provide general scientific reports or review the state of the environment. For example, the Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection (GESAMP) supports 10 U.N. organizations. It provides regional and thematic assessments and scientific studies of the marine environment; guidance on developing, monitoring and assessing marine environmental impact assessments; advice on specific topics; and identification of new threats to the marine environment.3 GESAMP’s work is carried out by working groups, the membership of which is drawn from a network of experts.4
Other scientific bodies have a more focused scope, providing targeted advice on specific management measures or policy proposals. The Scientific Committee of the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (SC-CCAMLR), for example, advises the Commission on harvesting levels and other management issues in the Antarctic, contributing to the management measures adopted by the commission managing the fishing and other activities in that region.5 The SC-CCAMLR meets annually and comprises the Commission’s member States. It has several working groups that provide advice on key issues.
Scientific bodies support the broader work of these organizations and ultimately report to a high-level decision-making body, such as a Commission or a Conference of the Parties. They generally provide advice and recommendations and therefore inform rather than make policy and management decisions. Most scientific bodies have been established to serve a specific organization, but some—such as the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea—operate independently and give advice to a variety of clients.
To carry out their broad work for ocean governance organizations, many scientific bodies establish subcommittees or working groups (often ad hoc) to make recommendations on specific issues. The Convention on Biological Diversity’s Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical and Technological Advice, for example, uses ad hoc groups of experts to provide guidance on more technical issues.
Most scientific bodies strive to give recommendations or advice based upon scientific consensus, but some allow for differing views to be presented to the decision-making body. The Scientific Committee of the South East Atlantic Fisheries Organization, for example, reports its majority and minority views when a consensus cannot be reached.6
Conserving and managing ocean resources effectively requires integrating scientific advice into policy decisions. Indeed, a 2010 report on implementation of the U.N. Fish Stocks Agreement noted that the continued decline of high seas fish stocks was due to the failure of regional fisheries management organizations to follow scientific advice to reduce catches.7
A few key elements can help ensure that the advice and recommendations of scientific bodies effectively support the needs and objectives of international ocean governance organizations:
The scientific bodies included in this brief are only a handful of the scores that provide advice on issues related to international ocean governance. When creating a scientific body to support the high seas treaty, U.N. negotiators should consider the scientific, technical, and technological functions that must be carried out under a new agreement, in addition to the elements for effectiveness described above.